Chapter 1

"Histology is the study of tissues, including their role in our body, their anatomy, their interaction with body systems and the ways they are affected by a disease." sagot ko sa tanong mi Mr. Garcia sakanyang tanong kung ano ang Histology.

Mr. Garcia nodded. "Histology allows us to understand how tissues are organized and function. It is critical to understand what a normal tissue looks like and how it functions in order to recognize various disorders." he added habang ako'y nakikinig lang sakanyang discussion at sinusulat ang notes ang mga importanteng detalye.

"When will this diseases occur?" Mr. Garcia asked and I raised my hand again. "Yes, Ms. Ong?" I immediately stand up to answer his question.

"Diseases occurs when normal tissues are injured or do something incorrectly." I answered and then he nodded. "Studying histology helps us in figuring out what causes certain diseases, how to treat those diseases, and whether the treatment has worked." he added and explain it further in-front.

Ininat ko ang aking dalawang kamay pagkatapos ng aming klase. Nakakapagod, lalo na ngayong papalapit na ang aming midterms. Seeing the word midterms makes me feel sick, I just wanna vommit.

I sighed. "Next week na ang midterms, diba?" tanong ko saaking katabi na si Soren. Tumango siya, "Oo, library?" yaya nito kaya tumango ako at nagsimula ng mag-ayos ng mga gamit.

"Clubbing tayo pagkatapos ng midterms?" biglang sumulpot ni Siobhan saaming harapan kaya napa-iling ako at tumango. Clubbing sounds nice after midterms.

"Bacteriology is a discipline of biology that investigates bacteria's morphology, ecology, genetics, and biochemistry, as well as many other aspects of their biology." sabi ko habang binabasa ang aking notes na nasa Macbook.

"It also deals with their relations to medicine, industry, and agriculture." patuloy ni Soren saaking sinabi. Tumango ako saaking kaibigan, nakikinig lang naman saamin si Siobhan at tumango-tango.

"What are the four common forms of bacteria?" I asked out of nowhere.

"Coccus, bacillus, spirillum and vibrio" sagot ni Siobhan habang nilalaro ang ballpen na kanyang hawak kaya tumango ako dahil tama ito.

"When it comes to bacteria classification, morphology and Gram staining are two of the most essential techniques." sabi ko.

"In terms of form, bacteria are divided into three groups: Cocci, which has a spherical form, Bacilli, which has a rod-shaped shape, Spiral, and Vibrio, which has a comma-shaped shape.." sabi ni Siobhan bilang patuloy niya sakanyang sagot kanina.

"Gram staining can be used to assess the type of peptidoglycan in bacteria. Some bacteria are Gram-positive, meaning they have a thick layer of peptidoglycan on their cell wall, while others are Gram-negative, meaning they have a very thin layer of peptidoglycan on their cell wall" patuloy ko habang tinitignan ang Macbook kung nasaan ang aking mga notes na naka document na.

"And also bacteria are characterized as facultative anaerobes, which may thrive in high or low oxygen conditions, based on their growth requirements. Anaerobes that only develop in environments with little or no oxygen. Aerobes that can only grow if they have access to oxygen. And microaerophilic bacteria, which thrive in low-oxygen environments." patuloy ko.

"It can also be categorized according on its genotype. In bacteriology, genotypic techniques have made it feasible to classify bacteria at the molecular level. Bacteria are divided into groups based on RNA sequences and DNA fragments. This technique is significant since it is constantly used to identify and classify various bacteria strains and their biological relevance in nature." sunod na sinabi ni Soren kaya tumango ako saka nagtipa saaking Macbook para idagdag iyon.

"Let's move to the next topic" sabi ko pagkatapos naming mag brainstorming sa topic na Bacteriology. Tumango sila kaya binuksan ko ang aking notes sa Blood Chemistry na naka document.

"Blood chemistry is defined as identifying the numerous chemical substances found in blood" panimula ni Siobhan sa topic.

"It is a test done on a sample of blood to measure the amount of certain substances in the body. These substances include electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and chloride, fats, proteins, glucose, and enzymes." dugtong ko sakanyang sagot.

"Blood chemistry tests give important information about how well a person's kidneys, liver, and other organs are working. An abnormal amount of a substance in the blood can be a sign of disease or side effect of treatment. Blood chemistry tests are used to help diagnose and monitor many conditions before, during, and after treatment..." patuloy ni Soren kaya agad akong nagtipa saaking Macbook para idagdag ito saaking notes.

"Chemicals in your blood are measured through blood chemistry testing. The results of these tests provide vital information to the doctor about your overall health and the functioning of your organs such as the liver and kidneys. Abnormal results may indicate a problem that requires attention. Among the most important blood chemistry tests are liver function. These tests are used to determine how effectively your liver is functioning. Alanine transaminase or ALT, aspartate transaminase or AST, and alkaline phosphatase or ALP are examples of liver enzymes or proteins that aid in the breakdown of other compounds. The presence of high levels of liver enzymes could indicate that the liver is inflamed." sabi ko habang ang dalawang kaibigan ko'y nakikinig ng mabuti at sinusulat ang mga importanteng detalye sakanilang mga notes.

"Next is the kidney function. These tests are used to determine how well your kidneys are functioning. Blood urea nitrogen or BUN, creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate eGFR, which is a measure of how well your kidney filters different compounds in the blood, are among them. If you're using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or any of the TDF-containing combo medicines, kidney tests are extremely critical." patuloy naman ni Soren.

"The Electrolytes are essential for the proper operation of cells, neurons, and organs. Electrolytes include bicarbonate, chloride, potassium, and sodium. Electrolyte imbalances can be induced by a lack of nutrients or water,  as well as kidney disorders." si Siobhan naman.

"Hmm, the blood sugar. Glucose is the energy source for your body. Hyperglycemia or high blood sugar is a symptom of diabetes or insulin resistance when the body does not respond to insulin, a hormone to help control glucose levels." sunod na sabi ni Soren.

"Also, the blood fat or lipids are cholesterol and triglycerides. Higher cholesterol levels can increase the risk of a heart attack or stroke. Higher triglycerides can increase the risk of damage to the pancreas." sabi naman ni Siobhan.

"The blood proteins. These tests provide information on nutrition problems and help diagnose kidney disease, liver disease, and many other conditions. Tests include albumin and total protein." sabi ni Soren.

"The Calcium, one of the most important minerals in your body, is a major part of bones and teeth. Blood calcium is tested to check for a range of conditions relating to the bones, heart, nerves, kidneys, and teeth. It is important to remember that you can still have osteoporosis, even if your calcium blood test is normal because the test only measures calcium circulating in the blood." sabi ko naman.

"And also.." sabi ko at iniisip ang dapat kong sasabihin habang ang dalawa kong kaibigan ay naka-abang lang.

"Labs routinely group certain chemistry tests together and call them panels or profiles. Some common panels you may see listed on your lab report are Basic metabolic panel, includes calcium, electrolytes, kidney function, and glucose. Comprehensive metabolic panel, includes same tests as basic panel plus blood proteins and liver function. Lipid panel, includes cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides." patuloy ko na sabi ko habang nakatingin sakanilang dalawa at nilalaro ang aking ballpen na hawak.